40 Actionable Email Marketing Tips That Will Boost Results

40 Actionable Email Marketing Tips That Will Boost Results Email marketing is complex. From list building to copywriting to measurement, there’s always something new to learn and improve. For marketers and business owners with limited time, it can be difficult to keep up with. This post covers 40 important email marketing tips, along with actionable advice to help you implement them right now. Even if you’re an experienced email marketer, you’re sure to pick up at least a few new tactics. 40 Actionable Email Marketing Tips That Will Boost Results via @ Table of Contents: 10 Email Subject Line Writing Tips 10 Email Copywriting Tips 10 General Email Marketing Tips 10 Email List Building Tips 10 Tips for Writing Better Email Subject Lines Success starts with strong subject lines. According to Hiten Shah, â€Å"33% of email recipients open email based on the subject line alone.† You may have heard some variation of that figure before (different reports suggest a range between 30% to upper 40%). The key takeaway here is that paying attention to subject lines matters, and a little extra effort up front can boost the results of your entire email. 1. Test Every Subject Line Before Delivery Wouldn’t it be great if it were possible to test every subject line before you hit send? With the Email Subject Line Tester, there is. This free tool (which is also built into ) makes it easy to optimize subject lines and see how they’ll look in recipient’s inboxes. Enter your subject line: Then, get your score (and more): You can use it free as much as you’d like here. 2. Use a Real Person’s Name in the Sender Field Getting an email from an actual person feels more friendly than one from a brand. So, use an employee’s name in the sender field, rather than your brand name. For bloggers or solo consultants, your name might double as your brand. But, larger retail and B2B brands can benefit from this strategy, too. This example from Threadless shows how both can be combined: Most email service providers make it easy to edit the sender field. Consider using the name of the individual sending the email, or the best point of contact should a recipient have questions. Sending marketing emails? Use a real employee's name in the sender field:3. Add Personalization People want to feel like they’re more than just a number. So, to further make your emails more personable, include the recipient's name. Here’s an example of a plain-text email from Michael Hyatt using personalization: Make email marketing more conversational with personalization4. Use Power Words Subject lines should inspire readers to take action. So, include power words that motivate audiences to open and click. Use this cheat sheet: Use power words to increase #email open rates5. Experiment With Numbers and Stats According to a study from YesWare, including a number (like an interesting stat or percentage) can influence a modest increase in clicks and replies: There are at least a couple reasons this might be the case: Numbers are concrete. Subject lines that make vague promises are less compelling than those that state specific claims or benefits. For example, â€Å"Save 25%† is more useful than â€Å"Save Money.† Sometimes, stats are hard to believe (even if they’re accurate). And you just have to click for confirmation. So, if you have stats or interesting percentages to share, consider including them. Experiment with numbers and stats in #email subject lines6. A/B Test Subject Lines No study nor external data point will ever be as meaningful as your own results. One of the best ways to get insight into what works for your audience specifically is to A/B test as much as possible. Subject lines are one obvious email element to split test, and most email service providers make this easy. Here are some shortcuts to help documentation to get you started: MailChimp Campaign Monitor Active Campaign Constant ContactAre you using A/B testing on your #email subject lines? If not, you might not be as successful as...7. Create a Curiosity Gap According to Wordstream, a curiosity gap  is: The curiosity gap is a theory and practice popularized by Upworthy and similar sites that leverages the reader’s curiosity to make them click through from an irresistible headline  to the actual content. By creating a curiosity gap, you're teasing your reader with a hint of what's to come, without giving all the answers away. How powerful can leveraging an informational gap be for copywriting? For Copyhackers, powerful enough to drive a 927% traffic increase to a pricing page. Imagine what it can do for your email marketing. To incorporate this technique into your subject line writing, do this: Identify the beginning and end of the story in your email. Leave out crucial information in the middle. Now, done poorly, this is an easy recipe for cheesy clickbait. But, it can also be a simple formula for carefully crafted copy that piques curiosity (and gets more clicks on your emails). Here are some examples of what this might look like in practice: â€Å"The easiest way to achieve your goal isn’t what you think.† â€Å"What’s the fastest way to achieve [GOAL]?† â€Å"Should you use this tactic to achieve [GOAL]†? All of these examples leave something out, that can only be learned by clicking through to read the email. Create curiosity gaps in your email subject lines to get more opens.8. Make Use of Available Preview Text Preview text appears in some email clients after the subject line. Usually, this space will be filled with copy from the email itself, if no preview text is specified. Leaving it blank is a missed opportunity, though, as it offers a chance to give your subject line more context. Here’s a great example from MarketingProfs: The subject line inspires urgency (â€Å"last call†), while the preview text offers more specifics (exactly how long the offer will remain, and how much can be saved). This example from Stone Temple Consulting follows a similar principle: Making use of preview text is simple: write your subject line, then add context. Here are some ideas: Tease an offer, then add more specifics. Include information about additional content in your email (that isn’t implied by the subject line itself). Ask a question in your subject line, and use the preview text to tease an answer. Get creative with it and see how it impacts opens and clicks. Writing email subject lines? Don't forget to leverage space in the preview text field.9. Never Use All-Caps Just don’t. It sounds like you're shouting in your reader's face. Avoid all-caps in email subject lines (and get 39 more email marketing tips here):10. Experiment With Emojis Emojis are more than just fun illustrations. They can actually help improve opens on emails. In fact, according to Kim Courvoisier (formerly from Campaign Monitor), â€Å"brands that are using emojis have seen a 56% increase in their unique open rates.† Impressive. Will you achieve similar results? There’s only one way to find out: experiment! To quickly grab emojis you can copy and paste into your own emails, visit GetEmoji.com: Could emojis help increase your email open rate? 10 Email Copywriting Tips Strong copywriting skills are essential for effective email marketing. Here are ten different ways to sharpen yours. Recommended Reading: The Email Copywriting Process You Need to Get More Conversions 11. Keep It Brief Whether you’re writing subject lines or body copy, make everything as long as it needs to be, and no more. Here are some basic guidelines to follow: Keep sentences under 25 words, and paragraphs under three sentences. These are considered basic best practices for web writing. Aim for 17-24 characters when writing subject lines. There’s no real â€Å"best subject line length,† but shorter copy is more likely to avoid getting cut off on mobile devices. Get to the point. Every word and sentence in your email should serve a clear purpose. If it doesn’t, then remove it. Here’s an example from Google. It’s extremely brief and concludes with a simple CTA: Keep your #email marketing copy brief.12. Include One CTA (But Don’t Be Afraid to Include It In Multiple Locations) Including a single call-to-action is a classic piece of email marketing advice. But, what about including that one CTA in multiple locations? This is a simple tip that can help increase clicks by placing a link at multiple spots where a reader is likely to be scanning across your copy: This email includes a CTA in each of the following places: Header graphic. Inline text. Conclusion CTA button. If one item doesn’t entice clicks, there’s a chance the next one might. Consider including one #email call-to-action in multiple places.13. Add a PS If You Need Extra Links Newsletters and roundups, by their nature, include multiple links to various pieces of interesting content. But, if you’re writing a plain text email, it’s best to direct readers toward one location. For plain text emails though, if you have additional content to share, there is one place you can turn to: your PS section. "Check out this example from Sujan Patel, co-founder at Voila Norbert, which lists information about his upcoming speaking appearances: Some other things you could consider including might be: Related articles or blog posts. Upcoming events. Recent company news announcements. This is an easy way to get extra eyeballs on stuff you want to promote, without distracting from your core call-to-action. Get more email traffic by including additional links in a PS after your signature.14. Offer Something Valuable Great copy won’t save a crappy offer. If what you’re selling isn’t worth your audience’s time, there’s nothing you can do to salvage success. Before sending an email, ask whether it passes the following criteria: â€Å"Is the content or offer this is promoting high-quality?†Ã‚  This is obviously somewhat subjective, but if you’re sending email simply because you feel like you have to, it may be better to hold off. â€Å"Would I even want what I’m selling?† Put yourself in your readers shoes. If you read this email from another brand, would you even remotely care? Be honest. â€Å"Is there anything that could make this email more valuable?† An additional PS, a related piece of content, or something else? Never send a marketing #email if you don't have anything valuable to offer.15. Always Put the Reader First No one wants to listen to a brand talk exclusively about itself. Brands that solve problems for people, though? Those are the ones that get heard. When writing email copy, put the reader’s interest first: Strong Example: â€Å"Cut your grass 35% faster with new, sharper mower blades.† Weak Example: â€Å"Our new mower blades are 35% sharper.† The first example establishes a clear benefit and helps the reader envision themselves spending less time mowing their lawn. The second example isn’t bad, but it puts the company first, and fails to make as strong a connection between product improvement and tangible consumer benefit. Put your reader first when writing #email #marketing copy.16. Sell Benefits, Not Features This is another classic piece of copywriting advice, and one that directly ties into the previous tip. Generally speaking, customers care more about benefits than features. A sharper mower blade isn’t important because it’s sharper; it’s better because it means the customer can spend less time mowing their lawn. Here’s an interesting example from MailChimp: Now, this could have been some superdry copy about GDPR. But, odds are, if GDPR means anything to you, you already know what’s up. So, it instead focuses on how MailChimp made creating GDPR-friendly forms easy enough to do in a few clicks. Perfect. Selling benefits, not features is #email #marketing #copywriting 101:17. Maintain Message Match Between Email + Landing Page Copy You’ve sent out an awesome email. Your unsuspecting reader clicks, compelled by your copy, only to find the landing page doesn’t exactly sound like the email. Maybe the offer is different. Or, the theme of the copy isn’t quite aligned. Whatever the case may be, strive to maintain a consistent experience with your copy throughout the entire experience, from first click on a subject line, all the way through to a conversion on your landing page. Here’s a basic example of this done well, starting with a subject line from Adobe: Based on this text, one can assume the email will link to something with interesting photography from Tokyo. Once clicked, the headline on the body content makes it clear the reader is getting what they thought with this email: After clicking the button, the first thing you see is a blog header using the same banner image from the email: The body copy in the blog post also follows through on the story the reader expected based on the initial subject line: One consistent experience, from start to finish. That’s what marketers should always aim for. Make sure email copy matches the message on your destination landing page.18. Avoid Generic Templates There’s nothing wrong with using a template as a starting point. But, everyone has seen the same plain text email templates, repeatedly. So, if you’ve seen something similar sent before, it’s time to go back to the drawing board, and come up with something fresh. That’s all there is to this tip. Say no to generic templates. Writing outreach emails? Say no to generic templates.19. Develop a Distinctive Voice Everyone gets too much email in their inbox every day. To stand out, developing a distinctive brand voice is important. Create a brand voice chart similar to this one from Content Marketing Institute: Write more engaging #email copy by developing a distinctive #brand voice:20. Make Copy Skimmable Dense paragraphs of text typically perform poorly for email. So, keep sentences brief, and cut down paragraphs to a sentence or two (three at the max). Here’s an example from Siege Media that’s clear and easy to skim: Don't make readers work! Make your #email #marketing copy skimmable instead. 10 General Email Marketing Tips Here’s a roundup of basic (but often overlooked) tips that, while small, add up to delivering a better experience for your subscribers. Recommended Reading: The Best Email Calendar Template You Need to Manage Marketing Newsletters 21. Make it Simple to Unsubscribe Once you’ve got people on your list, you probably want to do everything you can to keep them there. So, why make it easy to unsubscribe? Because it creates a more positive experience. Someone might be interested in your brand, but just doesn’t want your emails anymore. If its tough to get off your list, that positive brand sentiment can quickly evaporate, to the extent they choose a competitor instead. This can be as simple as making the unsubscribe link clear and easy to find: In this example, the unsubscribe link is subtle and unobtrusive, yet easy to find for anyone looking for it. Making email unsubscribes easy creates a more positive experience with your brand.22. Don’t Pay For Lists There are lots of reasons you shouldn’t send emails to a paid list. Here are a handful: None of those people will understand why they’re getting email from a company that may or may not have ever heard about. A lot of those people are liable to unsubscribe and they won’t convert anyway. Worse, you could violate the CAN-SPAM Act. This could be extremely bad news for your business. Build your list fair and square, and avoid paying for lists. Avoid paying for #email #marketing lists:23. Use Mobile-Friendly Design Check out these mobile email stats from Campaign Monitor: Emails that don’t render properly on mobile devices may get deleted in under three seconds. At least 50% of email opens happen on mobile devices (an exact number is tough to pin down, but that’s a lot). Mobile users check email 3X more frequently than desktop users. 52% are less likely to buy from a company if their mobile experience is poor. What do all these numbers mean? In short, you need to provide subscribers with a strong mobile email experience. At a basic level, make sure you’re using responsive templates for designed emails (most modern email service providers should make this easy), and easily skimmable text for plain-text emails. If you’re working with a developer building HTML emails, explain the importance of optimizing for mobile devices (if they’re not already on board). Use the stats above to build your case. Are your marketing #emails mobile-friendly?24. Add Alt-Text to Images and Buttons Image alt-text  helps tell web browsers and email clients more about the contents of an image. It’s useful for two reasons: Helping the visually impaired understand what your images are. Providing context for images in case they can’t load. Here’s a brief tutorial on how to do this with Constant Contact (other email service providers work similarly): 25. Send Email at the Best Times for Most Opens and Clicks The best time to send email will differ depending on your audience. But, there’s been plenty of research done to give us some solid starting points. Follow these guidelines: Are you sending your #marketing #emails at the best times?26. Plan Your Email Schedule Around the Best Days to Send, Too Start with a schedule that looks like this: Here's how to pick the best days to send #marketing #email27. Manage Your Email Marketing Schedule on a Calendar Calendars and planning tools help build consistency. Consistency helps deliver results. Instead of slipping on your sending schedule, get it organized. If you haven’t downloaded the email calendar included in this post, grab it for free. Or, if you’re a customer, use its email integrations to map out all your sends (alongside the rest of your marketing projects and campaigns). If you’ve got some time, this demo recap video shows how it works: Email calendars make planning newsletter sends easier28. Optimize Your Email Sending Frequency Consistency is key to success. But, that doesn’t mean you should stick to doing things exactly the same way you always have, indefinitely. Smart marketers optimize their approach based on performance data over time. Email marketing should be no exception. Once a month, consider analyzing your email marketing sending frequency and note: Which times perform best? Which days perform best? Do open rates appear to drop off once a certain number of emails are sent? Are you getting a high number of complaints about excessive email (and do those complaints correlate with a drop in opens)? Gather this data using the in-app analytics in your email service provider. Then, adjust your schedule accordingly. Are you optimizing your #email sending frequency based on data and performance?29. Add Whitelisting Instructions to Your Emails Whitelisting  is a simple process email recipients can use to make sure messages from a certain sender go straight into their inbox (rather than a SPAM folder). According to Campaign Monitor: â€Å"Many email senders link to whitelist instructions from their email campaigns, to ensure that their campaigns are delivered straight to the inbox for as many recipients as possible. A common approach is to add a short message to your email content, like, â€Å"To keep receiving emails from us, please add us to your address book†. Head here to find a free code snippet  you can use to drop a link like this in your email. Make sure your emails get read! Learn all about whitelisting (and get 39 more great #email...30. Create Unique Email List Segments The subscribers on your email list may have unique interests or different backgrounds. Sending the same messages to different groups of people might not always get similar results from each one. For example, if you run an auto parts ecommerce site, customers interested in Honda Civic accessories might not be interested in information about pickup trucks. How could a marketer in this situation keep both groups equally engaged? By segmenting their email list based on interests. Here’s how to get started using four different email service providers (each of which integrate with ): MailChimp: Getting Started with Segments List segmentation in Campaign Monitor Active Campaign: How Do I Create a Segment of a List? Constant Contact: Create More Targeted Lists Using SegmentationUse list segmentation to make sure the right emails get to the right people 10 Email List Building Tips Without an email list, you’ll have no one to market toward. Use these 10 tips to build up your list and get more leads into the funnel. Recommended Reading: 21+ Easy Ways to Build an Email List That Will Skyrocket by 140% in 1 Year 31. Create Valuable Gated Content Upgrades Content upgrades are downloadable freebies gated behind an email opt-in form. To get these configured on your blog, website, or landing pages, you may need to get some developer help. But, once you’re ready to roll, here are some great ideas for content upgrades you can try: Templates. eBooks. PDF guides. Research reports. Slide presentations. White papers. Case studies. Ivan Kreimer wrote a great guide on creating content upgrades here. In the struggle to build an email list, content upgrades are your secret weapon.32. Include a Sticky CTA on Your Website Here’s an example from the Blog: If you don’t have the capability to set this up yourself, work with a developer to add an email signup CTA somewhere on your blog or website homepage. Use a CTA on your website to drive more #email signups33. Mention Subscriber Count to Leverage Social Proof Another note to make your sticky CTAs more effective: include some social proof. Mentioning your subscriber count (once you have some subscribers) shows potential leads that you’re offering something of value. Leverage social proof by mentioning your subscriber count in your email signup call-to-action:34. Include a Signup Link in Personal Emails If you email folks around your industry with your own work email account, drop a link in your signature to get your company’s email newsletters, too. If you email folks around your industry with your own work email account, drop a link in your...35. Launch a Contest (With an Email Opt-In Form) Contests and giveaways are a great way to gather email signups. You can do this in one of two ways: With a physical entry form (for brick-and-mortar stores). An online content with a signup landing page. Running a worthwhile contest can take a lot of effort. But, it’s worth it to build up a highly engaged email list. Fortunately, Matthew Barby has created an incredibly in-depth guide here. [Tweet "Contests are an awesome way to build #email #marketing lists:] 36. Run a List-Building Social Media Campaign If people are following you on social media, they’re obviously interested in your brand. So, why not get them onto your email list? Run a creative social campaign directing to your email signup page. customers can easily create cross-channel social campaigns: Create a social media campaign promoting your #email newsletter to get more sign-ups37. Optimize Your Email Opt-In Confirmation Process If you use a single opt-in process, email subscribers will be added to your list as soon as they complete a form. However, if you use a double opt-in process, subscribers will need to click a confirmation link on an email they’ll receive. The second option helps cut down on junk signups (if someone is going to bother to click the confirmation link, you know they really want to be on your list). But, if the confirmation email goes into a SPAM folder, you could miss out on subscribers. Follow your email service provider’s guidelines on using double opt-in processes effectively: MailChimp Campaign Monitor Active Campaign Constant Contact Use a double opt-in process to improve lead quality on your email list38. Use Wistia’s Turnstile to Turn Video Viewers Into Email Subscribers If you use Wistia for video hosting, don’t overlook using Turnstile  to add email opt-in forms to your videos. Find a video in your library and go to Timeline Actions: Then, click add Turnstile: You can then configure your video so viewers need to enter an email address to watch. Use Turnstile in @wistia to turn video viewers into email subscribers39. Try Exit Intent Pop-ups Once someone has spent some time on your site, make sure you don’t lose them after they leave. Exit intent pop-ups make it easy to capture email signups when people start to move their cursor to leave your site: Here are some exit intent popup examples  created with OptinMonster. Get more email signups with exit intent popups40. Add an Email Signup Link to Your Website Footer ’s Head of Demand Generation, Nathan Ellering, says you can expect a footer link to contribute around 1% to your overall list growth. But, they’re also extremely easy to add, and every little bit helps. Ask your developer if they can throw in a footer link to your email signup page.

Self Assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self Assessment - Term Paper Example ) says that merchandise budget planning accounts for inventory shrinkage by indicating deviation between budgeted loses and loses causes by stock theft. Every merchandise budget factors in inventory loses expected as a result of conventional damages during stock handling, losses from discounts and those from general sales activities. In this context, any substantial divergence between the planned loss and actual losses after sales will account for inventory shrinkage. Sales = $26,000, stock 1 = $100,000 and stock 2 = $88,000. Difference in stock value = $12,000. This value represents inventory shrinkage within a single sales period of $26,000. Additions to stock is given by; (value of stock 1/sales) Ãâ€" (sales - inventory shrinkage). Additions = (100,000/26,000) Ãâ€" 14000 = $53,846. Based on the formula GMROI = Gross Margin Ãâ€" (Sales/Average Inventory Cost). Gross margin = 46/100. This means 1.3 = 0.46 Ãâ€" sales-to-stock ratio. Therefore, sales to stock ratio = 2.8:1. In this case, the stock-to-sales ratio for 6 months = 2.8 : 1. In retail marketing, the concept of stock-to-sales ratio shows the relationship between the quantity of inventory in stock and the amount of sales. In August, there will be a high stock-to-sales ratio as compared to that of September. According to Toomey (2010), a high ratio in August means that substantial value of capital is tied up in inventory with little sales. On the contrary, September comes with significant sales; hence the ratio reduces as inventory value melts away due to increasing sales. This rule helps retail managers to acknowledge the fact that approximately 80% of sales will come from 20% of the entire stock. On the contrary, 20% of the stock levels will cause 80% of the losses incurred during sales. According to Toomey (2010), the Pareto rule helps retail managers to focus on only 20% of the inventory levels. This rule should serve as a reminder that managers should focus on controlling inventory levels of fast-selling

Sexual Discrimination Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sexual Discrimination - Case Study Example Sergeant Williams, a churchwarden at St Augustine's was uneasy that an acknowledged homosexual should be working as a caretaker at the parish school. He voiced his concerns to the school's head teacher who brought the matter to a meeting of the school's governing body. They endorse Sergeant Williams' concerns and advise that Jeffrey's contract should be terminated. This year, in the local police station, Desk Sergeant Williams took Jeffrey's statement reporting the fact that his flat has been broken into and several valuable items have been stolen, which statement also revealed Jeffrey's sexual orientation. Sergeant Williams, who was also a churchwarden of St. Augustine, reported his concerns of having an acknowledged homosexual working as the parish school caretaker to the school head teacher. Jeffrey's employment contract was terminated by the head teacher after the school's board of governors endorsed Sergeant Williams' concerns. Jeffrey filed the present application for injunctive relief to prevent the school administration from implementing the dismissal decision as well as appeal the same with prayer claiming for additional damages over and above the notice period for the period that the statutory dismissal or disciplinary procedure would have taken. The Employment Act 2002... injunctive relief to prevent the school administration from implementing the dismissal decision as well as appeal the same with prayer claiming for additional damages over and above the notice period for the period that the statutory dismissal or disciplinary procedure would have taken. II. LAW - Relevant Domestic and European Community Law, Convention and Practice i. Under the Employment Act 2002: The complainant employee alleges that the dismissal impinges upon his rights under s.35 of the Employment Act 2002: the right to procedural fairness through the internal dismissal procedure to determine whether there are extant grounds to dismiss the employee; the right to accompaniment or assistance by a trade union representative or work colleague; and The right to appeal the grievance decision. The complainant's rights under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 are asserted to be also violated. The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 requires that the employer afford the employee the procedural fairness through internal dismissal/disciplinary procedures. The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 provides, inter alia: Application of dismissal and disciplinary procedures 3. -(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and regulation 4, the standard dismissal and disciplinary procedure applies when an employer contemplates dismissing or taking relevant disciplinary action against an employee. (2) Subject to regulation 4, the modified dismissal procedure applies in relation to a dismissal where- (a) the employer dismissed the employee by reason of his conduct without notice, (b) the dismissal occurred at the time the employer became aware of the conduct or immediately thereafter, (c)

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Organic Nomenclature Oxford Dictionaries (n.d.) defines nomenclature as â€Å"the devising or choosing of names for things, especially in a science or other discipline†{Dictionaries, #[emailprotected]@author-year}. I believe the easiest way to understand the rules associated with the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is with examples and so the majority of this essay will be dealing with examples and their explanations. Simek (1999) introduces the systematic naming of an organic compound with a fundamental rule, that to begin naming, one must first identify the parent structure, â€Å"based on naming a molecule’s longest chain of carbons connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring†. After which, â€Å"all deviations, either multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by prefixes or suffixes according to a specific set of priorities†. Simek (1999) also describes how alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, which are molecules only containing carbon and hydrogen bonded by single bonds only. Alkanes can be subdivided into two main groups, linear and cyclic; linear describes molecules that can be bonded in continuous chains and cyclic describes molecules that are bonded in a ring like structure. The simplest of all to name are straight chain alkanes: CH4Methane C2H6Ethane C3H8Propane C4H10Butane C5H12Pentane C6H14Hexane C7H16Heptane C8H18Octane C9H20Nonane C10H22Decane C11H24Undecane C12H26Dodecane In order to name cycloalkanes, the prefix â€Å"cyclo† is used: C3H6CyclopropaneC4H8Cyclobutane C5H10Cycloheptane Nomenclature of Branched Chain Alkanes University of California, Davis (n.d.) describes how â€Å"An alkyl group is formed by removing one hydrogen from the alkane chain, and is described by the formula CnH2n+1. The removal of this hydrogen results in a stem change from-aneto-yl.† E.g. Propane to propyl. In order to systematically name a molecule, first identify the parent structure. In this case the longest carbon chain is 6-Carbons long, as a result the parent structure is Hexane. The carbons in the chain are numbered from the end giving the substituents (The group substituted in place of hydrogen, in this case the substituent is CH3-Methyl) the lowest possible number The substituents or functional groups that are attached to the parent chain are then named. There are two, one-carbon long alkyl groups and as a result take methane, drop the -ane and replace it with –yl ­, giving methyl. N.B. If the alkyl group is two-carbons long (CH3CH2), the name would be ethyl, CH3CH2CH2- propyl, CH3CH2CH2CH2- butyl. Number the substituents to identify their positions relative to the parent structure. Here, substituent positions are 2 and 4. Hardinger (2008) emphasises that a number must be assigned to each substituent, along with its prefix (di-, tri-, terta-, penta-, etc.), even if the same substituents are present in the molecule In this example 2,4-dimethyl. Position numbers for substituents are ordered numerically, substituent names are ordered alphabetically (prefixes such as di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., are excluded from alphabetical ordering, but cyclo, iso and neo are included) and are then written before the parent name. If these rules are adhered to, the molecule is named as: 2,4-dimethylhexane. Nomenclature of Alkenes Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons and differ from alkanes, as they have at least one C=C double bond. Alkenes have the general formula CnH2n, which is the same general formula for cycloalkanes. Following the same basic rules as before, identify the parent structure. Here, the longest carbon chain is 7-Carbons long, thus the parent structure is heptane. The molecule is numbered so that the substituents have the lowest possible position numbers. The substituents are then named. As the molecule has a double bond, it is identified as an alkene and as the parent structure is heptane, it is named heptene. However, take into account there is also a methyl group. Numbering the positions of the substituents gives, 2-methyl and 1,3-diene, since the molecule contains one methyl group and two double bonds. Position numbers are ordered numerically, the substituents ordered alphabetically and both written before the parent name. Due to the fact the double bonds use a suffix (-ene is at the end of the name), 1,3-diene is not ordered before 2-methyl. Systematically naming the molecule gives it an IUPAC name of: 2-methylhepta-1,3-diene. Nomenclature of Haloalkanes Haloalkanes are organic compounds, where an alkane contains at least one halogen. Haloalkanes have a general formula of CnH2n+1X (X=Halogen e.g. Cl) In order to name haloalkanes, the –ine of the halogen name is removed, leaving the prefix (e.g. fluorine becomes floro-, chlorine becomes chloro-, etc.). The same rules are then applied to systematically name the haloalkane. Nomenclature of Alkynes Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, as they contain at least one C≠¡C bond. Alkynes have the general formula CnH2n-2. Again identify the parent structure, the longest carbon chain is 7-Carbons long and therefore the parent structure is identified as heptane. The molecule is numbered so substituent positions have the lowest possible numbers. Here the substituents are: two methyl groups, one chloro group and one C≠¡C triple bond. The longest chain is 7-Carbons long and contains a C≠¡C triple bond; therefore, it is identified as heptyne. The substituent positions are numbered giving: 6,6-dimethyl, 4-chloro and hept-2-yne. Finally position numbers are ordered numerically, substituent names are ordered alphabetically and are written in front of the parent name. The molecule is given an IUPAC name: 4-chloro-6,6-dimethylhept-2-yne. Nomenclature of Alcohols Alcohols are organic compounds containing at least one –OH group bonded to it. The hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen on a carbon and because of this, alcohols have the general formula CnH2n+1OH. The parent structure for this molecule is identified as octane, since the longest carbon chain is 8-Carbons long. The molecule is numbered, giving the lowest possible numbers to substituents. Substituents in this molecule are: one hydroxyl group and one chloro group. The longest carbon chain is 8-Carbons long and since it contains a hydroxyl group, it is identified as an alcohol. The position numbers for substituents are: 4-chloro and octan-2-ol. Position numbers are ordered numerically, substituent names are ordered alphabetically and are placed before the parent name (the hydroxyl group identifies the molecule as an alcohol, as such, it uses the suffix –ol instead of the prefix hydroxy-). The molecule has an IUPAC name: 4-chlorooctan-2-ol. Nomenclature of Amines Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), the replacing of one or more hydrogens in ammonia with organic compound(s) creates an amine. Replacing one hydrogen, will create a primary amine, two hydrogens – secondary amine, three hydrogens – tertiary amine. Methylamine (primary) Dimethylamine (secondary) Trimethylamine (tertiary) When naming amines, the longest carbon chain including the amine group is determined and numbered so to give the amine group the lowest possible position number. If the molecule is a secondary amine, the longest carbon chain is used as the parent structure and the other chain is denoted with N-alkyl (if both chains are of equal length, the molecule can be named dialkylamine). If the molecule is a tertiary amine, like secondary amines the longest carbon chain is used as the parent structure and the other chains are denoted with N-alkyl (if all chains are of equal length, the molecule can be named trialkylamine). Nomenclature of Ethers University of California, Davis (n.d.) describes ethers as, organic compounds that contain two alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen atom (e.g. CH3CH2OCH3). Ethers only use the prefix alkoxy-, where the –ane of the alkane is removed. According to University of California, Davis (n.d.) the prefix alkoxy- is always treated as a substituent, because there is no suffix for ethers. When naming the molecule the shorter carbon chain becomes the alkoxy- substituent (e.g. methoxy) and the longer carbon chain is identified as the parent structure. Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Both aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group C=O. Aldehydes feature at the end of a carbon chain (e.g. CH3CH2CH2CHO), whereas, ketones are part of the carbon chain (e.g. CH3CH2COCH3) When naming aldehydes it is important to note that they exist only on the ends of carbon chains and therefore do not need a position number included in the name, the aldehyde is presumed to be position 1. Aldehyde’s use the suffix –al in naming and replace the –e at the end of alkanes (e.g. Butane becomes butanal). Ketones use the suffix –one in naming and replace the –e at the end of alkanes (e.g. pentane becomes pentanone); however, unlike aldehydes ketones need position numbers, as there are multiple positions for the C=O bond (with the exception of simple ketones like propanone, as there is only one position for the carbonyl group). Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl group COOH. Like aldehydes carboxylic acids are only present at the end of carbon chains and therefore, do not have positions numbers. Carboxylic acids use the suffix –oic acid and replace the –e at the end of alkanes (e.g. Ethane becomes ethanoic acid). N.B. One must be aware, that although there are systematic IUPAC names for all molecules, some molecules have common names e.g. ethanoic acid used to be known as acetic acid and is most commonly known as vinegar. Nomenclature of Esters Esters are formed from reacting a carboxylic acids with alcohols. University of California, Davis (n.d.) briefly explains, that esters are named by treating the alkyl chain from the alcohol as a substituent and the carboxylic acid forms the parent structure, where the –oic acid part is replaced with –oate (e.g. Ethanoic acid becomes ethanoate). Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds Simek (1999) describes, how aromatic compounds are derived from benzene rings (C6H6), by replacing one hydrogen with a substituent group. The removal of one hydrogen from the benzene results in the phenyl group. When naming aromatic compounds the parent name benzene is used and appropriate prefixes. Priority Rules of Nomenclature When the molecule being named has multiple functional groups and substituent groups, the group with highest priority is numbered so it has the lowest possible position number. This list based on Simek’s (1999) priority table, shows priorities from highest to lowest: Carboxylic Acids Esters Aldehydes Ketones Alcohols Amines Alkenes Alkynes Alkyls Ethers Halo Compounds Aromatic Compounds References: Simek, J., 1999.IUPAC_Handout. [e-book] San Luis Obispo: California Polytechnic State University. Available at: http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/organic/IUPAC_Handout.pdf [Accessed 10 Feb. 14] Lam, D., n.d. [online] Nomenclature of Benzenes – Chemwiki. Available at: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Hydrocarbons/Aromatics/Nomenclature_of_Benzenes [Accessed 13 Feb. 14] Oxford Dictionaries. N.d. [online]nomenclature: definition of nomenclature in Oxford dictionary (British World English). Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/nomenclature [Accessed 10 Feb. 14] Hardinger, S., 2008. Nomenclature_02. [e-book] Los Angeles: University of California. Available at: http://www.chem.ucla.edu/harding/notes/nomenclature_02.pdf [Accessed 10 Feb. 14] Clark, J. 2000. [online] Naming aromatic compounds. Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names3.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 14]

Prolix Initiative †Care workers case study Essay

Kevin Pudney and Malcolm Rose have worked in the care sector for over 20 years. Their most recent job is part of a European project aimed at improving training and development in business and ‘speeding the time to competency’. More information on the research project is available on the Prolix website (www.prolixproject.org). The project was conducted in partnership with Social Care Institute of Excellence. The social care sector in UK was chosen to test the new systems developed as part of the project. The researcher spent 3 years in Suffolk working with 6 care homes owned by The Partnership In Care (TPIC) group. The Social Care Institute of Excellence (SCIE) [1] is responsible for this social care ‘test-bed’ and will assess the impact of the project. What’s the problem? Statistics from the Labour Force Survey show that Care Assistants and Home Carers report higher than average levels of stress related illness caused or made worse by the work they do. The PROLIX project aimed to develop systems that would help improve working lives of managers and staff at the homes. The project was not about work related stress, but the researchers recognised that there were factors present that can be associated with cases of work related stress. Staff turnover was about average for a sector that has a generally high turn over rate at around 25%. However, it was particularly high in one home after management problems, where analysis showed turnover in the previous two years of 57%. As skilled staff are replaced by unskilled staff, it increases the training demands on management. It is well established that people who need help with social care want the same carer to care for them consistently; especially those who need help with washing, dressing etc. Where homes have a high turn over rate or rely on temporary or ‘bank’ staff they struggle to offer this consistency of care to the people who live at the home. Other issues identified as part of the testing included; low pay, high job demands, low staffing levels, IT issues and needs of residents as being key issues for staff. Job demands included: 1. The care needs of residents 2. Requirements to record information on care given 3. ‘Required’ skills and knowledge in over a dozen ‘mandatory’ areas of competence. Control issues included: 1. The care needs of residents 2. Lack of control over how work is carried out 3. Lack of control over when work is carried out What did they do about it? The initiative focused on improving the management of training and development in order to give staff the skills they need to do the job and satisfy the legal requirements set by Care Quality Commission (CQC). The aim of the work was to help managers understand the issues faced by staff and for Care Assistants to get the training they need so that they could be more skilled and perform better, stay in the role longer and give residents the care that the are looking for. The general study involved all staff and managers at The Partnership in Care homes, and subsets of staff for particular areas of research. One area involved asking care staff to rate themselves on a scale of 1-10 for a set of 17 areas of competency. These areas were based on the requirements set out by CQC and other areas identified as important by the local training manager. Managers were then asked to rate each of their staff in the same competency areas. They had not seen the results from their staff when they did their assessment. This exercise helped staff identify their own Areas For Improvement (AFI) and managers to identify AFIs for staff. It also allowed comparison between staff and managers. This enabled the training manager to identify areas where members of staff did not feel confident in their role or where managers did not feel confident that staff had the necessary skills. It also allowed the training manager to look for trends within teams, for example where there were differences between the ratings given by staff and a manager. It could also identify where people may be over-confident or where they needed more support. The general findings from this competency exercise were shared with staff and managers in a supported environment to help them identify issues and properly interpret data, where training was needed and where staff felt there could be an improvement in the services offered to residents. The detailed individual results were treated as confidential and discussed further in supervision. The final results of the project research were delivered to staff and managers at each home in a day-long session at the end of the project. This enabled the consultant to explain the exercises and the results and spend time with staff and managers to give them support in receiving and delivering the results. It also enabled them to explain how these results would be fed into the development needs of the people who had taken part. There are some 600-800 person training units to be delivered per home to skill all staff to a basic level, with a significant proportion repeated annually as ‘refreshers’ and for new unskilled staff. The organisation owns 6 homes, making this a huge and time consuming activity. The Partnership in Care group has a full time training manager who is responsible for arranging and delivering these training units. Kevin and Malcolm worked with the training manager to help develop a spreadsheet that would enable trainers and managers to see at a glance who had the training they needed, what training was outstanding and when refresher training was due. â€Å"The training system has helped us see at a glance what training is outstanding and made sure that we can get people trained when they need it and nobody is missed out.† – Care home manager What else could have been done? They feel that one of the things they would do differently is to help the organisation try to identify suitable people at interview stage. This would help The Partnership In Care group to identify staff development needs at an early stage and invest in those people who have the desire to forge a career or vocation in social care from the beginning of their employment. This would help keep them with the organisation. How can it prevent stress related ill health? It must be made clear that this exercise was not put in place with work related stress in mind. The objective was to help improve the organisation and delivery of training and development within the company. However, demands and control issues were identified as part of this study. By improving the levels of competence of staff and managers and in helping them think about the skills they need to be successful in their work and improve the lives of the people who rely upon them, the work has helped address some of these demand and control issues.

Sociological Imagination Case Study - 728 Words

The sociologist C. Wright Mills has observed that people often believe their private lives can be explained only with respect to their own personal successes and failures. The process of interpreting ones life in the context of ones community or the society in which one lives is called sociological imagination. It is an important process because it lets the individual understand the impact one makes, no matter how small, on the lives of others. A good example of the process can be demonstrated by exploring the effects of one persons unemployment. The case of Jane is hypothetical, but there are many people in circumstances similar to Janes as the American economy still struggles to recover from the mortgage crisis and resulting recession that began in 2008. Jane worked in the same school, Fairlawn Elementary School, for seven years as a second grade teacher. Jane was tenured but because there is so little mobility in the small town where she lives and worked, the teachers at Fairlawn generally stay, once hired, until their retirement. Thus, Jane was the newest member of the professional staff and the first to lose her job when cuts had to be made. Jane is married and has two young children, ages four and two. Janes husband is in the construction and remodeling business, which can be lucrative when he is working, but jobs are not always steady. The family relied on Janes regular pay check. They also relied on her benefits; the school district offered a goodShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe concept of â€Å"sociological imagination† is one that can be explained many different ways. 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Wright Mills referred to as sociological imagination (Dillon, 2009)Read MoreThe Sociological Imagination and Understanding Personal Troubles as Social Issues1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sociological Imagination and understanding personal troubles as social issues: The Sociological Imagination allows us to question â€Å"things† or issues which are common and familiar to us and to find its deeper meaning. With the Sociological Imagination way of thinking, we find reasoning and uncover why many things in society are the way they are. The Sociological Imagination does not attempt to understand the individual and his or her problems alone, but focuses on issues and problems as itRead MoreSociology, Race, And Social Classes1154 Words   |  5 PagesSociology is the study of diverse subjects in a society which includes: religion, race culture, and social classes. It also involves the study of the behavior of people and all the changes that happen in society. 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When I Was1117 Words   |  5 Pagesand child in the United States was vastly different to the expectations placed by society in India. Sociological imagination and sociological mindfulness enabled me to understand how my personal private issues were shaped by larger social forces and allowed me to pay attention to the struggles of others. Sociological imagination is term that was first coined by C.W. Mills. Sociological imagination is the ability to understand the intersection between biography and history or the interplay between

Essay on The Nature of Man in Gullivers Travels - 742 Words

The Nature of Man in Gullivers Travels Swift uses many personae to sketch the nature of man in Book 4 of Gullivers travels. The problem with this is that none of the personae give us the same definition of the nature of man. First of all, there is Gulliver himself, who bases his judgments on the ways in which the Yahoos behave and the way the people from his country behave. He ties it all together at the end in his reflections. Most of all, throughout the book, we get an idea of the nature of man through Gullivers behavior. The Yahoos cannot comment on the nature of man, however, they display it in the ways they behave and interact. Lastly, the Houyhnhnms give us some ideas on the nature of man, through their observations of the†¦show more content†¦By this explanation, it seems as if Gulliver is already beginning to abhor his own race, for instance he is the one who describes lust and envy as terrible, not his master. He does not instead; describe the better attributes that humans are capable of, such as charit y and love. The houyhnhnms have the best grasp on the nature of man, because they are not human. They hear the stories of Gullivers land and compare them to their observations of the yahoos native to their land. Therefore they can make an unbiased statement of what the nature of man is. Simply put, they see the yahoos of their land as greedy, cunning, mischievous, and without reason. Gullivers people seem to be the same as the yahoos, and though the houyhnhnms do not believe they have reason, they believe they possess some quality fitted to increase (their) natural vices (1083). In contrast to the yahoos, Gullivers people practice their waywardness not through the means that nature gave them, but through the things they create. The master houyhnhnm explains many characteristics of the yahoos of his land to Gulliver. The characteristics that the yahoos embody are not all that different from the characteristics that civilized Englishmen possess. For instance, Gullivers master tells him how yahoos hate each other and will fight over food even when there is more than enough to eat, andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels1664 Words   |  7 Pages Although Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift has long been thought of as a childrens story, it is actually a dark satire on the fallacies of human nature. The four parts of the book are arranged in a planned sequence, to show Gullivers optimism and lack of shame with the Lilliputians, decaying into his shame and disgust with humans when he is in the land of the Houyhnhmns. 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